Typhoid

  • Vaccine-preventable diseases

    Vaccines are one of the most effective public health interventions, and an accelerating pace of innovation in vaccine development promises to deliver a broadening range of novel or improved vaccines in coming years. Despite this, there are many challenges facing control efforts for vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD). Coverage of basic childhood vaccines through routine healthcare systems…

  • Rainfall anomalies and typhoid fever in Blantyre, Malawi

    Typhoid fever is a major cause of illness and mortality in low- and middle-income settings. We investigated the association of typhoid fever and rainfall in Blantyre, Malawi, where multi-drug-resistant typhoid has been transmitting since 2011. Peak rainfall preceded the peak in typhoid fever by approximately 15 weeks [95% confidence interval (CI) 13.3, 17.7], indicating no…

  • Spatial and Genomic Data to Characterize Endemic Typhoid Transmission

    Background Diverse environmental exposures and risk factors have been implicated in the transmission of Salmonella Typhi, but the dominant transmission pathways through the environment to susceptible humans remain unknown. Here, we use spatial, bacterial genomic, and hydrological data to refine our view of typhoid transmission in an endemic setting. Methods A total of 546 patients…

  • The cost of building an environmental surveillance system for typhoid

    Introduction The typhoid conjugate vaccine is a safe and effective method for preventing Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (typhoid) and the WHO’s guidance supports its use in locations with ongoing transmission. However, many countries lack a robust clinical surveillance system, making it challenging to determine where to use the vaccine. Environmental surveillance is an alternative approach…